Week 12 (THANK GOD) - Photojournalism, the Best of Both Worlds

For this week's lecture on Photojournalism, we are required to identify and outline five fundamentals of journalism ethics.

Photojournalism became an important part of our lives and we are dependent on them to tell the story visually instead of with words. We as viewers perceived photographs as the unalterable truth. Therefore professional photojournalists have an obligation to continue to be ethical as they are upholding a level of public trust that cannot be breached. If such responsibilities are accomplished, photojournalists will earn the respect of their viewers, colleagues, sources and themselves.

Firstly, in the age of of digital cameras, photo manipulation has become more common. Doctoring photos has been around since the invention of photography (Lowrey, 2003). Presently the issue whether a photo has been manipulated is no longer significant but of how much it change the original image that the truth has been distorted completely. Manipulating images can have serious social ramifications. During the O.J. Simpson trial in 1994, Time magazine received widespread criticism for manipulating a mug shot of O.J Simpson to make him look darker and more menacing (Hunt, 1999). Time magazine was accused of pursuing a racist agenda and presupposing Simpson's guilt. The magazine's reputation was badly tarnished by the controversy and it also shed light into the need for image integrity in photojournalism. In 2001, a LA Times photographer covering the war in Iraq was also fired for using Adobe Photoshop to combine two photos (Smith, 2005). When we correct, manipulate and enhance images, it is imperative to deal with questions of ethics, which are a set of moral principles or values or conforming to accepted professional standards of conducts. Today, manipulating an image is a mouse click away and some images are transformed into unique artworks which are often indicated. However digitally altering the content of a photograph by subtracting elements that change the message or meaning of the picture or cropping out damage or blurring critical information is the line that photojournalists must not cross. Therefore image manipulation should NOT be done with the intent to deceive the viewers or misrepresent subjects. 

Two different copies of the same mugshot of O.J. Simpson. The Newsweek cover is the original mugshot, whereas the Time cover is digitally manipulated.

The first recorded case of photo manipulation in the early 1860s when a photo of Abraham Lincoln was altered using the body from a portrait of John. C. Calhoun.

I personally feel that some editing is fine.  If any major editing is done to a picture this should be noted when the picture is presented. Below are photos of me standing in the background of Burj-Al-Arab hotel in Dubai. A hotel staff snapped this quick photo of me. Anyway, I was not happy with this image because the photo turns out dark. So I manipulated the image by brightening it and increasing the image resolution to preserve the quality. Therefore I believe there is no harm being done, because I did not add or remove any elements to alter the meaning of this image.

The original photo.

After adding brightness to the photo.

The second major aspect of ethical decision making for photojournalists is the intrusion of privacy. Photojournalists need to understand that the public's right to know often to be weighed against the privacy rights of people in the news. In other words, public interest must be justified or legitimate and not just to serve their morbid curiosity. The Reporter's Committee for Freedom of the Press titled 'Photographers' Guide to Privacy' outlined the privacy law into four areas (Cate, 2004). The first and second is the unreasonable intrusion and public disclosure of private facts. An example is the paparazzi invading celebrities privacy. Therefore photographer must obtain consent, allowing the subject to know fully what is it that they are going to use their photos for. The third is the placing a person in a false light in the public eye. It involves putting a person's image in an untrue setting or situation. Giving false information is not only ethically wrong but photojournalists may be subject to libel suits because of its damaging impact. The fourth area in a privacy case is using a person's image for monetary gain. The National Press Photographers Association (NPAA) code of ethics warns against sacrificing the quality of their work for compensation from story subjects.

Britney Spear's car being mobbed by paparazzi.

 

The third code of ethics which need to be taken into consideration is taste (Bordieu, 1984). Gruesome images of the dead or grieving victims of a tragic event is presented which the public often finds distasteful. The NPPA Code of Ethics calls on members to "treat all subjects with respect and dignity" and this applies particularly to victims of crime and tragedy or those involved in a private moment of grief. Therefore photojournalists need to be sure that such uncomfortable images are really necessary to tell the story. It must be justifiable such as a way to warn others of the consequences of speeding. It is the duty of photojournalists to explain the underlying social forces that resulted in such tragic event.

Recently in Brunei two 6-year old students were tragically killed at Mabohai school parking lot. Pictures of the covered corpses during the 'Jenazah' prayers were published in both Borneo Bulletin and Brunei Times local newspapers to accompany the news reports. It was a subject of controversy as some readers found the photos distasteful, disrespectful to the grieving families and also unnecessary. 

The photo published in Borneo Bulletin

Photo of victim in the Brunei Times 

Photojournalists sometimes can damage the believability of an image by trying to shape the outcome of a story too intently (Keith et al, 2006). NPPA code had advised to resist being manipulated by staged photo opportunities. Staging photos involves recreating or altering the scene. This may result in viewers ending up with images of an event the way the creators see it instead of the way it truly happened. Therefore photojournalists should have little involvement on an event and avoid altering the course of activities with his or her presence.

A staged shot of Obama reading his statement after making a televised statement on the death of Osama bin Laden.

 

The fifth code of ethic for consideration is the need to avoid stereotyping of individuals and groups. Stereotype is a shortcut to describe a person with collective as opposed to unique characteristics. The danger of stereotyping is that most readers form their opinions about individuals from cultural groups based on the pictures they see in the media. In relation to that, photojournalist should exercise cultural sensitivity in order to promote more fair and balanced images. Additionally, the news editorial staffs must also be culturally diverse with knowledge about local and foreign issues and events to avoid reporting errors and perpetuate negative stereotypes of marginalized groups.

As a journalist for Brunei's leading English daily newspaper, Borneo Bulletin, I am also bound by the code of ethics and forced to practice self-censorship in line with the nation's philosophy of Malay Islam Monarchy or MIB. Sometimes this could be viewed as a threat to our commitment to truth. We tend to avoid reporting on sensitive issues and practice self-censorship of content in an effort to avoid violating cultural norms or offending local sensitivities. 

References:

Bordieu. P. (1984). Distinction:A social critique of the judgment of taste. USA:Harvard University Press.

Cate, J. A. (2004). Journalism:a guide to the reference literature. US:Libraries Unlimited.

Hunt, D. M (1999). O.J. Simpson facts and fictions:News rituals in the construction of reality. UK:Cambridge University Press.

Keith, S., Schwalbe, C. B., & Silcock, B.W. (2006). Images in ethics codes in an era of violence and tragedy. Journal of mass media ethics, 21(2), 245-264. doi:10.1207/s15327728jmme2104_3

Lowrey, W. (2003). Normative conflict in the newsroom:The case of digital photo manipulation. Journal of mass media ethics, 18(2), 123-142.

Smith, K. L. (2005). Handbook of visual communication:Theory, methods and media. US:Routledge.

Week 11 - Infographics

My Information graphic

Dr Chris Woo's Infographics

 

The information graphics above help explain to the shareholders the relationship between the airline’s gross revenue and gross expense and the rising of oil and fuel prices which caused a net loss and mere profit for the aviation industry. The line graph is utilized to demonstrate trends and compare two variables (Lipkus & Hollands, 1999). To distinguish one variable to the other, a different colored line is used. The red colored line represents the company’s expenses annually while the blue colored line illustrates the company’s revenue per annum. The values or series of data points show us the facts. Title is further added to indicate the purpose of the graph and helps the reader identify what they are about to look at. The legend informs what each line represents. Overall, the line graph shows a steep increase in the company’s income and expenditure for the past seven years from 2003 – 2009.

 

Meanwhile the rising oil prices and the percentage of expenses on fuel are marked with pictograms of oil barrels. The different sizes of oil barrels depict the amount spend on fuel. The bigger the size of the barrel, the higher the amount the company spends on fuel for the year. On the other hand, the volume of liquid in the barrel represents the total percentage of fuel expenses. The pictograph to demonstrate the rising oil prices and expense on fuel is easy to read and visually appealing (Ruesch & Kees, 1966).

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In comparison to Dr Chris Woo's information graphic , I noticed the absence of gridlines. The reason why I did not include gridlines is because I feel that it will clutter the appearance of my graph. In addition to that, Dr Chris Woo's graph also includes another line graph to illustrate the rising prices of fuel. I indicated this with the font size of the value of fuel expenses instead. However I overlooked the vital elements in the chart which are the x and y axis.

Therefore the information graphic above is a visual presentation of information and data. It is used to explain complex information clearly and it is extensively used to present a rich amount of information (Lester, 2006). It visually conveys large amounts of information in compact and easy way to understand.

References :

Lester, P. M. (2006). Visual communication:Images with messages. USA:Cengage Learning. 

Lipkus, I. M., & Hollands, J. G. (1999). The visual communication of risk. Oxford Journals, 25(1), 149-163.

Ruesch, J., & Kees, W. (1966. Nonverbal communication. London:University of California Press.

Week 10 - The Cyborgian Lifestyle

DO  you agree that you are cyborgian in nature?

We are presently living in a world inundated with technology, therefore our dependency on technological devices makes us all cyborgs. The idea of us being cyborgs, half-man, half-machine is when our capacities and capabilities are extended beyond our physical limitations (James, 1996)

Kate Moss as CYBORG

This question takes me to a feature film by Robbin Williams film which I have watched about a decade ago called 'Bicentennial Man'. It was about a robot, acted by Robbin Williams,  who strives hard to be recognized as a human. As a robot, he learn about emotions and other characteristics that a robot can't possibly have including being mortal. Personally when we watched the movie, we sympathize with the robot being for their disabilities to express certain emotions or thoughts. But little do we know that we are also not just a piece of meat, but a piece of machinery in nature as we rely on technological devices as an extension of our self. Therefore stretching ourselves into this technologies makes us all half men, half machine.

A touching scene from the film, Bicentennial Man

 

As technology becomes more prevalent in our everyday lives, we rely on technologies like mobile phones and computers to help us communicate, remember and think for us. We are also living in the era, where we turn to Google when we need answers. Our dependence on mobile phones, computers or our cars make is appear that this machines are augmented to our body to help us perform better in our daily duties. Therefore this machines serves as prosthetics, maintaining and reinforcing our physical bodies (Grenville, 2002). The fact that I am become dependent on eyeglasses to see clearly render me a cyborg as the correct lens is a product of technology Technology replaced the knowledge of how we do things and turn it into physical objects. 

An illustration of how hooked we are on technology

We are also cyborgians because we have multiple digital representation of ourselves through social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter or MSN Messenger. It replaces the way we communicate and we are more compelled to express ourselves online. To some people, the virtual world is their reality. It allows them to take any form of digital physical representation which the real world could not offer.. The cyberworld is a disembodied experience to some of us and it is a form of escapism and a stimulation of real-world events.

Avator or visual representation of a person in a virtual world or chat

Let us NOT be deceived by pictures on Facebook. Just saying..

 

Technology allows us to carry out tasks with efficiency and speed. But on the downside, technology has invaded our personal space as it deprived us of the warmth of personal contact and reduced physical activity. Children nowadays are technologically literate by the age of five years old. In Brunei Darussalam under the 21 st Century National Education System (SPN 21) the government encourage technology use in classrooms to improve IT literacy among students (Hana, 2010). However during family dinners or outings that I have observed in restaurants, teens nowadays are engrossed or hooked on their cell phones, tablets, game consoles, laptops, smart phones, etc that they missed the monumental family moments. I am equally guilty of regularly checking my I Phone for missed phone call or work e-mail during family or social outing. Although this technology devices keep us productive and entertained, however it risked of creating a generation of young adults who are only able to keep conversations through e-mail or instant messaging due to lack of physical interaction. The technological advances would also ultimately produce a less tolerant, less motivated and lazy society. In addition to that, our constant desire on on technology has also caused unemployment in the world as computer softwares today have the ability to perform administrative duties thus replacing job positions like secretaries and mail messengers among many (Rumberger, 2002)

A comic published on the Borneo Bulletin, dated Oct 28 illustrates how the society is dependent on Google for answers and knowledge 

Our excessive dependent on technology make us members of the cyborg culture. Whether we like it or not, we are part of the phenomenon of rising cyber culture. In this digital age, we would barely survive or rendered incapacitated without our smartphones, laptops, tablets etc just like food, water and shelter. Technology has seeped into aspect of our lives and if we live without it, it would be like ripping away part of ourselves, reinforcing the argument that we are CYBORGS.


References : 

Grenville, B. (2002). The Uncanny : Experiments in cyborg culture. Canada: Arsenal Pulp Press.

Hana, R. (2010, October 19). Devise print, digital literacy programmes. The Brunei Times. Retrieved from http://www.bt.com.bn

James, J. (1996). Thinking in the future tense. Industrial and commercial training. 28(7), 28 – 32.

Rumberger, R. W. (2002). High technology and job loss. Technology in society. 6(4), 263-284.

Week 9 - Cosmopolitan Women

Name your favourite television and film. Explain how the film could shape a person's identity.

Apart from daily interactions with people and institutions, we gain knowledge and understood culture or its representations through the popular mediums of television and cinema. They have a great influence as most people globally have access to television or cinema theatre. As the ultimate source of information and entertainment, it unconsciously influence's ones personality, actions and identity.

For the purpose of this week's lecture question, I have chosen the sensational HBO hit TV series “Sex and the City” and explains how it could mold a person's identity. 

Sex and the City, the American TV comedy-drama series

As a woman and avid fan of Sex and the City, I believe it appeals to women because the television series deals with a taboo subject matter, 'SEX'. The series featured four main characters, Carrie, Samantha, Miranda and Charlotte in the Big Apple, New York, dealing with relationship problems and modern social and sex related issues (Akass & Mccabe, 2006). The sensitive and controversial subjects were expressed in witty humour and steamy sex scenes. Before Sex and the City, embarrassing sex problems and issues were awkward and unfavourable subjects of discussion. However the tv show defies the practices and norms of culturally based conservative identities where “what happens in the bedroom, stays in the bedroom,”. The television series empower women to openly discuss sex problems and sex health issues and this represents freedom of expression for women (Whelehan, 2005)

  

One of my favourite scenes from Sex and the City. Samantha hilariously tell her girlfriends about a lover's 'funky tasting spunk' (semen).

The Sex and the City TV series also portrays four middle-aged single and successful women in a male dominated world of New York City. The show revolutionized the representations of women on television (Lotz, 2007) and reflects women taking charge of their lives. The show was also celebrated by women worldwide for demonstrating women liberation and mens' inferiority as far as sex is concerned. The men were also reflected as the weaker or minor sex in the show and sex issues and problems were based on female perspective . Sex and the City is also an example of modern femininity who is not dependent on men for financial stability which illustrates that it achieve equal status with men. We also live in a society where heterosexual marriage is the bedrock and an important social institution. We as members of the society are expected to tie the knot sometime in our adult life, because it is considered the traditional union and the natural cycle of life. However the TV show depicts that it is normal to be single, independent and self-sufficient which had not been pictured on television in the 90's and 2000s (D'Acci, 1994). 

An Austrian Electrolux advertisement, portraying women as submissive homemakers

Apart from female liberation, Sex and the City TV series also revolutionized the body type in the fashion industry. In the show, the women were not 'stick-thin' but attractive and healthy middle-aged women who are often shown going out and eating. Occasionally, they talk about their weight and physical insecurities which displays that they are like us but still successful in the big city. This further delivers a positive message of female confidence and make them feel good.

The Sex and the City ladies having lunch

Despite the empowering message, Sex and the City TV series has also been criticized for painting unrealistic lifestyle in the Big Apple. The women obsession with designer shoes, bags and clothing line as part of the show's product placement drove women to associate designer labels with lifestyle. It is apparent that TV shows and movies have play a major role for shaping and influencing our identities. Since the media also created stereotypes, we begin to make generalisation about other people as it provides us with a common identity. In the case of Sex and the City, a new identity for women was created. Women were no longer viewed as homemaker, but could have a successful career just as men would.

Carrie walking around Manhattan in her Blahnik heels.  Sex and the City made Manolo Blahnik and Jimmy Choo household names

References:

Akass, K. & Mccabe, J. (2006). Reading sex & the city. London : I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.

 D'Acci, J. (1994). Defining women: Television and the case of Cagney & Lacey. US:UNC Press Books

 Lotz, A. (2007). The television will be revolutionized. USA:New York University Press.

Whelehan, I. (2005). The feminist Bestseller: From Sex and The City to Sex and the Single Girl. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Week 8 - Seeing is Believing..

How do captions and cutlines re-frame the meaning of an image?

A photo can tell a thousand words , not to mention a thousand different interpretations and stories. Photographs can confirm reality of an event or situation and it is also an effective means to convey a powerful message. However a photo alone does not explain itself. Therefore words are significant to tell the story of the picture or communicate the message to the intended viewer (Askew & Wilk, 2002). Without words, the pictures would exist without meaning, thoughts or purpose.

This photo of me chasing the pigeons was taken by my son at St James's Park in London. This photo can produce different meanings. It could be that I was running because I was late or I could just be terrorizing a flock of pigeons to alleviate boredom (which is actually the case here). Overall this photo requires simple explanatory text to avoid misinterpretations.

A photograph in any form of publication is often accompanied by some explanatory text, termed as 'captions' or 'cutlines' to supply additional information and effectively clarify the meaning.

To re-frame an image, cutline is a short explanatory text placed below or beside to describe the photograph or illustration. Cutlines are necessary because of the functions they provide namely identification, description, explanation and elaboration (Luebke, 1989). It varies in style and length depending on the medium. For example in television, the cutline is superimposed over a picture usually at the top or bottom of the screen to describe what is being shown or to name the person speaking. A cutline tells the reader of who, what, when, where and why or how about the photograph in complete sentences, with 50 words or less. As photograph depict events frozen in time, a cutline warrants for the first sentence to be written in the present tense. Most newspapers use a cutline writing style where additional sentences can be written in present or past tense depending on a publication's style or preferences. Cutlines must also include a photo credit and make reference to the newsworthiness of the photo. It also generally identify everyone recognizable in the photo.

The cutline on live BBC news report of Michael Jackson's death.

Meanwhile captions are the title or headline that precedes the cutline and it provides important details of a photograph. Photograph can mislead or misrepresent if the context in which they were taken is not made clear. Therefore captions help place the photographs in their proper context (Prosser, 1998). In addition to that, captions expand our understanding of a photograph and reinforce what the photograph is meant to convey. It is usually placed directly above, below or to the side of the image they describe. It is the first to appear and it is usually formatted in bold. The caption only consist of a only a few words or a short phrase to accommodate the needs of its viewers. It identify the people, places, animals, plants or structures in the photograph and explain the action.

Paying homage to the late Apple co-founder with the caption 'Steve Jobs, 1955-2011'.

Cutlines or captions, helped tell the story along with the photos. It is therefore uncommon for photograph to stand alone without the benefit of a cutline or caption.

References

Askew, K. M., & Wilk, R. R. (2002). The anthropology of media:A reader. Victoria, Australia:Blackwell.

Luebke, B. F. (1989). Out of focus:Images of women and men in newspaper photographs. Sex Roles, 20(3), 121-133. doi:10.1007/BF00287986

Prosser, J. (1998). Image-based research:A sourcebook for qualitive researchers. London, Great Britain:Routledge.

Week 7 - Narratives

We tell stories everyday. It is part of communicating with others through jokes, musings, personal thoughts or experiences . Therefore narrative is form of story-telling in a constructive format to organize the information and further describes a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events in a manner that leads the reader continuously to ask 'and then? (Hyvärinen, 2010). Narrative is composed of paradigmatic and syntagmatic features. The syntagmatic dimension of narrative focuses on linking events rationally and one element in a configuration can be replaced with another belonging to a similar category. On the other hand, the paradigmatic dimension is where a narrative takes characters and elements and removes from their temporal meaningfulness and gives them non-temporal sense. Both Todorov and Propp’s theories of structural analysis of narrative elements exemplify the syntagmatic dimension; while Lévi-Strauss’ theory of the “deep structure” in narratives is paradigmatic. However narration works differently in different media.

In a picture which usually deals with frozen moment of time, we often imagine what takes place before or about to happen in the image. Depending on the medium, the genre of the image can change. In order to convey the narrative visually, it utilized the relations between characters and signs. The color of the picture also indicate the time occurred in the story (Branston & Stafford, 2006). Black and white and color often signals whether the story in the photo is past or present.

Like almost everybody, I have passion for photography and my favourite subjects are kids, particularly my children. They grow up in the blink of an eye. Through photography I can capture as many precious moments as they grow up. Below are some of my favourite photos of my children having fun on the Seria beach during the Chinese Dumpling Festival.

The photos above tell a story. The characters are my children and they were at the beach as the sun almost sets. The look on their faces exhibits positive emotions such as happiness, joy and contentment. Their actions playing and splashing in the waters and getting wet and wild while still with their clothes on display fun, excitement and freedom to do as they want. 

For film, time is the ultimate challenge as the story has to conveyed in the average length of two hours. The time is displayed through caption such as a year before, two weeks before and the scene follows after that. Flashbacks are also used to shuffle time in a narrative to add further information to the plot. The opening of the film establishes time, place, location and the characters in the narrative. It lures the audience into the narrative. Meanwhile the closing ended the story with resolving of a conflict, tying up loose ends and suspect to allow the audience to leave the narration. The setting where the narrative takes place is also equally important as it affects how we interpret the story. Other narrative aspects include the genre, characters, mis en scene, audience, sound and special effects among others.

Meanwhile verbal or spoken narratives involve a person describing things and events and tell the stories in sequence. There is absence of visual and it relies completely on words in the construction of the story. Typically, we will speak about the subject of the story, the settings and describe the time sequence through transition words such as today, before, afterwards, then or later. The storyteller will stick to the topic with beginning and ending and also addresses the questions of who, what, where, when,why and how.

Lastly, narrative writing is writing that tells a story and the most popular form or written narrative are books. Books can be stories, poems, fables or even non-fictional. A story always conveys a theme and all the conventions of storytelling such as plot, character, setting, climax, and ending. It is filled with details that are chosen to explain, support or embellish the story. The writing should also portrays the writer's voice, and tells it in a one person point of view or being told by an outside observer (narrator). There is also opening paragraph to orientate the readers and give them idea from the start to see if it is worth reading. The beginning of the story must also be lively enough to cat the attention of the readers. A good plot also have situations which happen throughout the narrative that makes you want to read on. It usually have crisis, which is a turning point or danger or suspense and characterization to describe the person's actions or appearance. Setting is also strong influence on how the reader feels.The words must be vivid and lively to involve the reader. All the details relate in some way to the main point the writer is making.

References :

Branston, G. & Stafford, R. (2006). The media student's book. New York:Routledge.

Goodson, I. (2010). Narrative learning. Taylor & Francis Group : New York.

Hyvärinen, M. (2010). Beyond narrative coherence. Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Week 6 – The Art of Persuasion

This week we touched on the use of visual rhetorics to persuade the audience. Therefore for this week's blog entry, I have chosen a video commercial which persuades the audience rhetorically. Rhetorics was defined as the art of persuasion (Garver, 1994) and rhetorics in advertising is more concerned with style than content. It emphasized on “how to say it” rather than “what to say” (McQuarrie & Philips, 2008).

All persuasions must have an argument. The rhetorical argument in this Malaysian Idol Commercial is that everybody suddenly wants to be a star because of Malaysian Idol. The Malaysian Idol is a reality television show to uncover singing talent in singing talent across all states in Malaysia.

The commercial begins with a Chinese man inside the car. He is then approached by an Indian security guard who started singing the altered version of YMCA song, telling the Chinese man that he is not allowed to park within the premise and must get a visitor pass. When singing, the Indian security guard is accompanied by few other security guards who also sang along. The advertisement ended with a tagline “Suddenly, everyone wants to be a star,” and it is further anchored with the logo Malaysian Idol.

Towards promoting the Malaysian idol talent show, the rhetorical element is the advertisement uses ordinary people. Instead of telling or talking the Chinese man in a conversational manner, the security guard sang to the man. The singing was the rhetorical style used in the delivery of the message. The advertisement is attempting to portray the impact or 'influence' of Malaysian Idol show to the extent that singing replaces daily conversation. It also employs the rhetorical strategy called 'enthymeme” with missing premise and conclusion (Rose, 2000). Although the ad is intended to promote the show Malaysian Idol, it did not instruct the audience directly to watch the show. Instead, it it demonstrates the effect and impact of the show towards people's daily lives which is the rhetorical style or device utilized to persuade the viewers. In our everyday lives, we do not sing to communicate. But the security guard conveyed or relayed the message by singing. This illustrates how people are catching the Malaysian Idol fever because everybody started singing. It also applies humour as a rhetorical technique to draw attention from the viewers.

Therefore rhetorics are frequently used in advertising, which can also produce incongruity to draw audience attention.

References

Garver, E. (1994). Artistotle's rhetoric: An art of character. USA:University of Chicago Press.

McQuarrie, E. F. & Philips, B. J. (2008). Go figure! New directions in advertising rhetoric. USA, M.E. Sharpe. Inc.

Rose, J. W. (2000). Making 'pictures in our heads':Government advertising in Canada. USA:Greenwood Publishing Group.